As above, in citations

The answer to the crossword question “As above, in citations is IDEM” refers to an abbreviation commonly used in academic writing when citing sources. “Idem” is a Latin word meaning “the same.” In citations, “idem” is used to indicate that the source previously cited is the same as the one currently being cited. Therefore, “as above, in citations is idem” means that in the bibliography or reference list of a scholarly work, a source previously cited with the same title as the one currently being cited should be replaced with “idem” to indicate that it is the same source. This is a helpful way to avoid repeating the same citation multiple times and can improve the clarity and readability of academic writing.